Bitcoin price below energy cost models as MVRV z-score sinks

Bitcoin trades far below energy cost models; mining pressures rise.

Bitcoin ( BTC ) price is trading approximately 70% below its estimated fair value based on mining energy cost models, according to analysts tracking production economics in the cryptocurrency sector.

Energy-driven valuation models , which calculate Bitcoin’s theoretical value using electricity costs, hardware efficiency and miner behavior, show a substantial gap between current market prices and production-based fair value estimates, according to industry analysts.

The MVRV Z-Score , a long-term on-chain indicator, has declined to 14-month lows, levels that have historically corresponded with accumulation periods in previous market cycles, according to blockchain data providers.

Energy-based valuation models have gained adoption among institutional analysts because they link price expectations to measurable production costs rather than speculative sentiment, according to market observers. These models incorporate real-time mining efficiency data and global energy prices to establish a theoretical value range for the cryptocurrency.

The models operate on the premise that miners behave according to long-term economic incentives. When mining becomes unprofitable, less efficient miners cease operations, reducing total network energy consumption and lowering difficulty during adjustment cycles. This process theoretically brings production costs and market prices into alignment over time, according to the model’s framework.

Bitcoin’s protocol adjusts mining difficulty every 2,016 blocks to maintain an average block time near 10 minutes. When mining participation decreases, difficulty adjusts downward, reducing energy requirements per block. Conversely, when participation increases, difficulty rises, elevating energy consumption and the associated production cost per coin.

Historical patterns indicate that when valuation models diverge significantly from spot prices, the gap typically closes within several months as markets reprice the asset, according to analysts who track these metrics.

Bitcoin’s market dominance has declined in recent periods, and technical indicators including the Stochastic RSI have shown bearish crossovers, according to chart analysis. The cryptocurrency has traded near key support levels following a pullback, with price action testing support zones after breaking below a head-and-shoulders technical pattern.

Mining difficulty continues to adjust as miners respond to price fluctuations and profitability changes. The difficulty adjustment mechanism was designed to maintain steady block production regardless of network participation levels.

Technical analysts report that the next several weeks will be critical in determining whether buyers defend current price levels or whether further declines toward lower technical targets occur. If accumulation activity strengthens, the asset could attempt a recovery toward higher price levels, according to market observers. If selling pressure persists, prices could move closer to bearish pattern targets identified by technical analysts.

Energy expenses for Bitcoin mining have increased while market prices have moved in the opposite direction, creating the valuation disconnect identified by energy-based models, according to analysts who monitor production economics in the cryptocurrency mining sector.