TrueUSD narxiTUSD

A crypto-focused lawyer has recently pointed out a key weakness in Tether’s USDT, arguing that Ripple’s newly launched RLUSD may offer a better, more reliable option for the stablecoin market. ▪️Tether’s Transparency Concerns USDT has dominated the stablecoin space for years, but questions around its backing remain a lingering issue. The company behind Tether has yet to deliver a full independent audit, leaving investors uncertain about whether every token is properly supported by U.S. dollar reserves. This lack of clarity continues to raise doubts among institutions and regulators. ▪️Ripple’s RLUSD Advantage Ripple’s RLUSD takes a different approach by emphasizing transparency and compliance. The stablecoin is fully backed by U.S. dollars or equivalent assets, and monthly attestations are published to confirm that reserves match the tokens in circulation. This gives holders a higher level of confidence compared to Tether’s limited disclosures. ▪️Built-in Compliance Features One of RLUSD’s standout features is its ability to integrate legal and regulatory safeguards directly on-chain. Ripple has designed the stablecoin with functions that allow it to be frozen or retrieved in cases of court orders or regulatory enforcement. This ensures it can operate within legal frameworks while maintaining trust with users. ▪️The Bigger Picture The comparison highlights a growing divide in the stablecoin sector: offshore giants like Tether benefit from looser oversight, while U.S.-based projects like Ripple’s RLUSD are structured to meet higher standards of transparency and compliance. For many users and institutions, that difference could be the deciding factor in which stablecoin they choose to rely on. $TUSD $RLUSD

History and Development of Stablecoins Stablecoins first emerged around 2014 with two very different designs: on July 23, 2014 BtUSD launched on BtShares and a few months later RealCoin (renamed Tether/USDT) launched as a fiat-backed token pegged 1:1 to USD. These early examples foreshadowed the two main models of stablecoin: one collateralized with cryptocurrency, the other backed by fiat reserves. Major milestones followed quickly: 2015–2016: Bitcoin-backed stablecoins like NuBits attempted fully algorithmic pegs. Meanwhile, USDT grew enormously, showing that fiat-backed coins could dominate liquidity. 2017: MkerDAO introduced DAI, an overcollateralized crypto-backed stablecoin on Ethereum (initially backed only by ETH at ~170% collateral). DAI proved decentralized stablecoins could work, inspiring others. 2018: Regulated fiat-backed coins entered the market. USDC and TrueUSD launched emphasizing reserve transparency and regular audits. These coins focused on compliance and earned trust via attestations to fiat reserves. 2019–2020: Stablecoin market exploded. By 2020, USDT and USDC controlled the vast majority of supply, with global stablecoin market capitalization reaching ~$105 billion. 2022: The risks of unbacked algorithmic designs became painfully clear. TerraUSD (UST) – a purely algorithmic stablecoin – collapsed in May 2022, wiping out ~$40 billion in market value. This crisis discredited “break-even” algorithmic coins and highlighted the need for collateral buffers. 2023–2025: Stablecoins continued maturing. Market cap hit new highs (~$235 billion by mid-2025). Regulatory frameworks (e.g. Europe’s MiCA) began requiring on-chain reserves and audits for fiat-backed coins. DeFi protocols moved to issue native stablecoins: for example, Aave launched GHO (2023) as a decentralized crypto-backed stablecoin. By 2025, stablecoins had diversified into fiat-backed (USDT, USDC, TUSD, etc.), crypto-backed (DAI, LUSD, GHO, etc.), and hybrid/algorithmic (FRAX, TerraUSD in the past) designs. Early stablecoins demonstrated the models (e.g. BitUSD for crypto-backed and USDT for fiat-backed), while later innovations like DAI and FRAX showed how decentralization and algorithmic logic can be used to maintain the peg. The catastrophic failure of TerraUSD in 2022 especially underscored that fully uncollateralized pegs can fail in a crisis. Throughout this period, transparency and governance have become key differentiators. Fiat-backed coins like USDC and TUSD boast regular third-party attestations of reserves, whereas crypto-backed coins are generally open-source and on-chain (allowing anyone to verify collateral). GHO Stablecoin (Aave’s Native Stablecoin) Aave’s GHO is a decentralized, overcollateralized stablecoin native to the Aave protocol. Launched in mid-2023, GHO is minted on Ethereum by users who supply crypto assets as collateral in Aave V3. Its value is pegged to the U.S. dollar “through market efficiency” (arbitrage), and any minted GHO must be over-collateralized (initial proposals set a high collateral ratio, e.g. ~295%). Key aspects of GHO’s design include: Collateral Model: GHO is backed by a basket of crypto assets that users have deposited in Aave. Any asset on Aave V3 (ETH, WBTC, stablecoins, etc.) can back GHO. When a user wants GHO, they supply collateral on Aave; that collateral is locked in the lending pool and the user can borrow GHO against it. As with all Aave loans, this position can be partially collateralized by multiple assets at once - GHO loans are multi-collateral by default. Importantly, since the collateral remains in Aave’s lending market, it earns interest while locked, effectively reducing the borrower’s net cost. All GHO loans require interest payments, and by design 100% of that interest goes to the Aave DAO treasury (no portion is paid to depositors). Some discounts (e.g. up to 30%) are given to Aave Safety Module stakers. Minting and Peg Mechanism: GHO has no algorithmic supply adjustment; its peg is maintained by economic incentives. If GHO trades below $1, arbitrageurs can buy it cheaply and repay their loans, burning GHO and capturing the difference. If GHO trades above $1, users are incentivized to borrow more GHO (at $1) and sell it on the market. In practice, GHO has stayed extremely close to $1 since launch (e.g. as of mid-2025 price ≈$0.998). Over one year the price moved only ±5% around the peg (all-time high $1.05, all-time low $0.965 on July 12, 2024), indicating effective peg maintenance with these market-driven mechanisms. Facilitators and Governance: Rather than a single issuer, GHO is minted by approved Facilitators – entities that the Aave DAO authorizes to supply GHO to the market. Initially the Aave protocol itself is the primary facilitator, and it may add others (e.g. “FlashMinter” bots or future partners). Each facilitator is given a “bucket” limit on how much GHO it can mint. For example, initial DAO governance proposals specified fixed minting caps per facilitator to prevent any one party from flooding the market. This model is depicted conceptually below: Figure: Conceptual model of GHO facilitators. Aave governance allows on-chain or real-world entities to become GHO issuers within capped “buckets”. Aave’s DAO retains full governance over GHO’s parameters. The community can vote to adjust the collateral ratio, interest rate, interest discounts, and maximum supply. All GHO code is open-source and audited, and any changes require DAO approval. In this sense, GHO is a governance-layer stablecoin: decisions about minting policy and risk parameters are made by AAVE token holders rather than a central company. Unique Features: GHO differs from other stablecoins in several ways. Unlike fiat-backed coins (USDT, USDC, TUSD) which hold off-chain reserves, GHO’s backing is fully transparent on-chain (anyone can verify the collateral in Aave’s contracts). Unlike algorithmic coins (e.g. Terra UST) with no real backing, GHO is overcollateralized, trading with the support of locked crypto. Compared to DAI (MakerDAO) which uses individual vaults, GHO uses position-based minting where any Aave loan position across assets can generate GHO. GHO loans are interest-bearing (earning Aave DAO revenue) rather than interest-free. And because Aave’s collateral earns yield, GHO borrowers are effectively paying interest net of what they earn on collateral a unique “interest-earning collateral” advantage. Finally, GHO is inherently interoperable: Aave DAO approved cross-chain bridging via Chainlink’s CCIP, so GHO was expanded to Arbitrum (2024), Base (2024) and Avalanche and Gnosis Chain (2025) to grow its reach. Overall, GHO is designed as a decentralized, overcollateralized stablecoin governed by a DAO, with built-in interest-paying loans and community-controlled issuance. It aims to combine blockchain transparency and censorship-resistance (no centralized issuer) with robust collateral backing and revenue to the protocol. Since launch, GHO’s supply and adoption have grown steadily: by mid-2025 there were ~349 million GHO outstanding (market cap ≈$349 M), and it remained tightly pegged near $1. The GHO ecosystem continues expanding (e.g. a yield-bearing sGHO vault and Aave V4 support is planned) to drive further adoption. Comparing GHO to Other Major Stablecoins The table below compares GHO against six prominent stablecoins across several dimensions: Stablecoin Type Issuer Collateral & Transparency Governance Peg Stability & History Market Cap / 24h Volume (approx.) GHO Crypto-backed (over-<br>collateralized) Aave Protocol (decentralized via Aave DAO) Backed by on-chain crypto assets supplied to Aave (ETH, WBTC, USDC, etc.); fully on-chain and transparent Decentralized (Aave DAO votes on collateral ratio, interest, facilitators) Maintained peg tightly via arbitrage incentives; price has stayed ≈$1 (all-time high $1.05, low $0.965); no major crashes. ~$349 M / $2–3 M. USDT Fiat-backed Tether Ltd (centralized) Claimed 1:1 USD reserves (cash, T-bills, bonds, crypto); actual reserve backing has been partially opaque (reports ~61% backing); audits are infrequent Centralized (Tether issues, reserves managed by company) Very stable, ~1.00 peg historically; largest fluctuations were brief dips (e.g. ~$0.84 in 2017, ~$0.94 in 2022). Concerns over full backing have persisted. ~$139 B / ~$10 B. USDC Fiat-backed Circle/Centre Consortium (regulated) Backed by fiat USD and liquid securities (T-bills); high transparency with monthly attestations and reputable institutional custody Centralized (managed by Circle/Centre) Pegged very stably at $1.00 (with one notable depeg to ~$0.87 during March 2023 SVB crisis, from which it quickly recovered). ~$41 B / ~$2–3 B (daily). DAI Crypto-backed (hybrid) MakerDAO (decentralized) Collateralized by crypto (ETH, WBTC, USDC, others) on-chain; multi-collateral model with ~150–200% total backing; collateral is public on Ethereum Decentralized (MakerDAO MKR votes on parameters) Generally stable at $1.00 thanks to overcollateralization; had mild depeg to ~$0.85 during March 2023 crisis, but quickly recovered. Robust reserve policy (e.g. ~42% backed by USDC/other stables) maintains peg. ~$5.4 B / ~$100–200 M. FRAX Fractional-algorithmic (hybrid) Frax Finance (decentralized) Partially collateralized by crypto (often USDC/USDT and smaller crypto holdings) plus algorithmic issuance (FRAX minting via FXS collateral); on-chain transparency. The target collateral ratio dynamically adjusts based on demand. Decentralized (Frax DAO votes on collateral ratio and policies) Generally stable but more volatile; design allows collateral ratio to drop below 100%, so FRAX can depeg modestly during stress (e.g. fell to ~$0.90s in March 2023). Uses market incentives to re-adjust. ~$77 M / low (tens of thousands, see CoinMarketCap) TUSD Fiat-backed TrustToken (centralized) 1:1 USD reserves held in escrow, with live on-chain attestations by auditors. Highly transparent for a fiat-backed coin. Centralized (TrustToken issues, but uses multiple custodians) Very stable at $1.00 (minor short-lived blips, none of major note). Multi-chain availability (Ethereum, BSC, Avalanche, etc.). ~$494 M / ~$60 M LUSD Crypto-backed Liquity Protocol (decentralized) Collateral: only ETH (minimum 110% collateral ratio); fully on-chain. No fiat holdings. “Governance-free” protocol (Liquidy Foundation vesting, but no active governance) Peg typically at $1.00; brief minor deviations have been negligible. Utilizes a stability pool to defend peg. ~$39 M / ~$0.03 M Notes on Peg Stability: Fiat-backed coins (USDT, USDC, TUSD) have generally stayed extremely close to $1.00 due to redemption programs, with only brief, minor deviations (for example, USDT briefly dipped to $0.84 in 2017 and $0.94 in 2022; USDC fell to ~$0.87 in March 2023 and rebounded). Crypto-backed coins like DAI and LUSD rely on overcollateralization and auto-liquidations to maintain the peg; DAI’s peg has held firm in normal markets (with only a one-day trough at ~$0.85 in March 2023), while LUSD is typically at ~$0.99–1.00. Algorithmic/fractional designs like FRAX have more fluctuation: FRAX’s flexible collateral ratio means it can trade below $1 during stress (e.g. ~$0.91 in Mar 2023) but uses arbitrage and ratio adjustments to recover. GHO has so far shown strong stability comparable to top coins, trading within a few cents of the peg and earning revenue for Aave. Adoption and Volume: As of mid-2025, USDT and USDC dominate stablecoin adoption (roughly $139B and $41B market caps). DAI is smaller ($349M, matching supply of ~349 M) is comparable to mid-tier coins, and 24h trading volume has been only a few million USD. To spur growth, Aave has run incentive campaigns (e.g. in July 2025 on Base) and expanded GHO to new chains. The above table summarizes each coin’s model, backing, governance, peg behavior, and scale. Overall, $GHO$ stands out as a fully on-chain, DAO-governed stablecoin with crypto collateral, earning yield for the protocol. Unlike centralized fiat-coins (USDT, USDC, TUSD) that rely on trust in issuers and audits, GHO’s reserves and policy are transparent and controlled by the community. Its peg mechanisms resemble those of DAI but with a multi-collateral, interest-bearing twist and a design to reward the Aave ecosystem. The comparison above shows that GHO is technically similar to DAI and LUSD (crypto-backed, DAO-run) but unique in its facilitator/bucket model and in diverting all interest to the DAO. GHO’s historical performance since launch has been solid: its price has remained essentially $1, and its supply has grown steadily as Aave gradually enabled more collateral and cross-chain use. Future adoption will depend on Aave’s ecosystem integrations (e.g. the planned sGHO yield vault) and how GHO competes for liquidity with established stablecoins.$GHO

$USDC $TUSD Massive $1.82B Stablecoin Entry into Binance Signals Possible Price Upswing “Such inflows often signal an intention to deploy funds into the spot market, either for strategic accumulation or short-term trading opportunities.”

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GHO/USDT Technical Analysis$GHO GHO (Aave’s new USD-pegged stablecoin) has traded essentially flat against USDT. As of August 2025, GHO is about $0.9997–$1.000, with almost 0% change in 1h or 24h. GHO’s 1h and 24h change as 0.0%, and only ~+0.1% over the past 7 or 30 days. The 24h price range is tiny (about $0.9992–$0.9997), indicating almost no volatility. Correspondingly, technical indicators show no strong trend: short-term and long-term moving averages (e.g. 7- and 30-day MA/EMA) all hover at ~1.000, so there are no meaningful crossovers, and the Parabolic SAR would flip direction on each tiny swing. In practice, GHO’s RSI and other oscillators stay neutral, reflecting the peg stability. Trading volume is modest by crypto standards: about $20.3 million in the last 24h. This is far lower than major stablecoins (see below). The on-chain circulating supply is roughly 336 million GHO, and market cap ~$336 million. Overall, GHO/USDT shows a flat, tightly‐pegged market with very low volatility (7-day change ≈+0.1%). Price “candles” are essentially a straight line near $1.00. In summary, GHO’s recent market behavior has been extremely stable (as intended), with trading volume and liquidity concentrated primarily in the Aave ecosystem. Comparison with Other Stablecoins Coin (Peg) Market Cap (USD) 24h Vol (USD) Collateral & Issuance 24h Price Range (approx) Exchanges/Markets (count) GHO (USD) ~$335.8 M ~$20.3 M Crypto‐collateralized, algorithmic (fully backed by crypto baskets) ~$0.9992–$0.9997 (very tight) ~12 exchanges, ~30 trading pairs USDT (USD) ~$164.6 B ~$135.6 B Fiat-backed (Tether Ltd. holds USD reserves) ~$0.9996–$1.00 ~278 exchanges, ~33,470 markets USDC (USD) ~$65.6 B ~$18.0 B Fiat-backed (Circle/Consensys; 1:1 USD reserves) ~$0.9998–$1.00 (pinned) Virtually all major exchanges (hundreds of pairs) DAI (USD) ~$3.89 B ~$146 M Crypto-collateralized (MakerDAO; overcollateralized with ETH, etc.) ~$0.9998–$1.00 ~64 exchanges, ~272 markets TUSD (USD) ~$494 M ~$24.24 M Fiat-backed (TrueUSD uses USD reserves, daily attestations) ~$0.996–$1.00 ~52 exchanges, ~94 markets. Price Stability: All these coins target a $1 peg, but their mechanisms differ. USDT, USDC, BUSD and TUSD are fiat-collateralized (backed by USD in reserve), so they normally trade within a few cents of 1.00. For example, it shows TUSD trading $0.996–$1.00 (24h) and DAI $0.9998–$1.00. GHO and DAI are crypto-backed: GHO by a basket of cryptocurrencies and DAI by Maker’s collateral (ETH, etc.). Both rely on algorithmic mechanisms (supply adjustments, stability fees) to maintain the peg. In practice, all listed stablecoins have remained within a few percent of $1.00. USDT briefly deviated historically (e.g. fell to ~$0.88 in 2017 amid controversy), and USDC briefly lost its peg during the 2023 Silicon Valley Bank crisis. No major peg breaks are currently reported for GHO or TUSD. Volume & Liquidity: Tether dominates by volume. TradingView reports USDT’s 24h trading volume at $0.15 B), and GHO/TUSD (~$0.02 B). This means USDT/USDC can be bought/sold with almost infinite liquidity, whereas GHO and TUSD have much thinner markets. In terms of order books, GHO’s liquidity is concentrated in Aave and a handful of DEXs/CEX pairs, while USDT/USDC are ubiquitous across thousands of pairs. For example, it notes USDT data is aggregated from **278 exchanges (33,470 markets)**, whereas GHO’s price comes from just **12 exchanges (30 markets)**. Volatility: All major stablecoins show near-zero volatility. TradingView shows USDT price swings of only about –0.02% (24h) and –0.04% (1mo). CoinGecko reports USDT’s 1d range is $0.9996–$1.0000 (virtually flat). Similarly, GHO’s 1-week change is only +0.1% and DAI’s 7-day change +0.45%), but this is still negligible. In short, all these coins trade with tiny oscillations (typically <0.5% per day), far below normal crypto volatility. Among them, GHO’s variance is comparable to DAI’s – essentially none. Adoption & Market Share: Tether and USDC overwhelmingly lead. Motley Fool (Nasdaq) notes Tether ~ $164 B market cap and USDC ~ $65 B. DeFiLlama similarly lists USDT ~$164.6 B, USDC ~$65.2 B, DAI ~$4.4 B. By contrast, GHO’s market cap is only ~$0.336 B and TUSD ~$0.494 B. TradingView remarks that “Tether is the backbone of the industry” and USDC is catching up, “but for now USDT is still the dominant force”. In practice this means USDT/USDC are accepted virtually everywhere (on most CEXs, DeFi protocols, OTC desks), whereas GHO is currently confined mainly to the Aave ecosystem. (Aave has targeted growth – e.g. “GHO did a 10× supply increase in 2024” – but it remains a tiny share of the stablecoin market.) Exchange Availability: USDT and USDC are supported on essentially all exchanges. For example, market indicators shows USDT aggregated from 278 exchanges and USDC from hundreds of venues. DAI and TUSD also trade on dozens of platforms (DAI on ~64 exchanges, TUSD on ~52). By contrast, GHO trading is much more limited: it notes only 12 exchanges list GHO. Liquidity mining and incentives have been expanded (e.g. GHO now on new chains), but GHO is not yet universally available like USDT/USDC. Summary: All stablecoins here maintain the dollar peg extremely closely, so price stability is high for each. The key differences lie in scale and backing. Tether (USDT) and USD Coin (USDC) are fiat-collateralized, have enormous liquidity and market share. DAI and GHO are crypto-collateralized, with more complex stabilization mechanisms. In practice, GHO’s price behavior over 1h–30d has been almost perfectly flat (like other stablecoins), but its volumes, liquidity and network effects are orders of magnitude smaller than USDT/USDC. Table 1 (above) and Table 2 (below) summarize these metrics and qualitative differences. Key Metric / Feature GHO USDT USDC DAI TUSD Peg / Backing USD (Aave’s algorithmic stablecoin; crypto-collateralized) USD (fiat-backed by Tether Ltd) USD (fiat-backed by Circle/Centre) USD (crypto-backed via Maker over-collateralization) USD (fiat-backed by TrustToken reserves) 24h Volume ~$20.3 M ~$135.6 B ~$18.0 B ~$146 M ~$24.24 M Market Cap (USD) ~$335.8 M ~$164.6 B ~$65.6 B ~$3.89 B ~$494 M Circulating Supply ~335.9 M ~164.63 B ~65.58 B ~3.886 B ~494.5 M Typical 24h Price Range ~$0.9992–$0.9997 ~$0.9996–$1.00 ~$0.9998–$1.00 (near-constant) ~$0.9998–$1.00 ~$0.996–$1.00 7d Price Change +0.1% ~0% (–0.01%) +0.01% 0.0% +0.45% Exchanges/Markets ~12 exch., 30 markets ~278 exch., 33,470 markets Hundreds of exchanges ~64 exch., 272 markets ~52 exch., 94 markets Volatility Level Extremely low (≈0%) Extremely low (≈0%) Extremely low (≈0%) Extremely low (≈0%) Extremely low (≈0%) Adoption / Notes Primarily in Aave DeFi (growing supply) Ubiquitous in crypto; “backbone” of industry Widely used (Circle-backed; fully regulated) Popular in DeFi (Maker DAO); over-collateralized Regulated fiat-collateralized coin (TrustToken)$GHO